બ્રાઝિલ: આવૃત્તિઓ વચ્ચેનો તફાવત

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JAY MATAJI SARVAIYA KULDIPSINH J
લીટી ૧:
> JAY MATAJI
{{ભાષાંતર}}
SARVAIYA KULDIPSINH J
 
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = ''República Federativa do Brasil''
|conventional_long_name = Federative Republic of Brazil
|common_name = બ્રાઝિલ
|image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|national_motto = વ્યવસ્થા અને વિકાસ, ''"Ordem e Progresso"''</br><small>{{pt icon}}</br>"Order and Progress"</small>
|national_anthem = [[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]</br><small>{{pt icon}}</br>"બ્રાઝિલીયન રાષ્ટ્રીય ગીત"</small>
|other_symbol_type = [[Seal (device)|National seal]]
|other_symbol = બ્રાઝિલનો રાષ્ટ્રીય સિક્કો [[ચિત્ર:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|15px]]</br><small>{{pt icon}}</br>"National Seal of Brazil"</small>
|image_map = Brazil (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width = 220px
|capital = [[બ્રાસિલીયા]]
|latd=15 |latm=45 |latNS=S
|longd=47 |longm=57 |longEW=W
|largest_city = [[São Paulo]]
|official_languages = [[પોર્ટુગીઝ]]
|ethnic_groups = ૪૯.૭% [[શ્વેત]] <br />૪૨.૬% [[ઘPardo]] (ઘઉંવર્ણા) <br /> ૬.૯% [[શ્યામ]] <br />0.૫% [[એશિયાઈ]] <br />0.૩% [[અમેરિંડિયન]]
|demonym = બ્રાઝિલિયન
|government_type = [[પ્રમુખશાહી]] [[સંસદીય જનતાંત્રિક]]
|leader_title1 = [[રાષ્ટ્રપતિ]]
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 = [[ઉપરાષ્ટ્રપતિ]]
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
|leader_name3 = [[Michel Temer]] ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party|PMDB]])
|leader_title4 = [[President of the Senate of Brazil|President of the Senate]]
|leader_name4 =
|leader_title5 = [[Supreme Federal Court (Brazil)#Chief Justice|Chief Justice]]
|leader_name5 =
|sovereignty_type = સ્વતંત્રતા
|sovereignty_note = [[પોર્ટુગલ]]થી
|established_event1 = ઘોષિત
|established_date1 = સપ્ટેંબર ૭, ૧૮૨૨
|established_event2 = માન્યતા
|established_date2 = ઑગસ્ટ ૨૯, ૧૮૨૫
|established_event3 = જનતંત્ર
|established_date3 = નવેંબર ૧૫, ૧૮૮૯
|established_event4 = હાલનું સંવિધાન
|established_date4 = ઑક્ટોબર ૫, ૧૯૮૮
|area_rank = ૫ મો
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = ૮૫૧૪૮૭૭
|area_sq_mi = ૩૨૮૭૫૯૭
|percent_water = 0.૬૫
|area_label = Total
|population_estimate = ૧૯૧,૨૪૧,૭૧૪<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazil 2009 Estimate] IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 6 June 2009</ref>
|population_estimate_rank = ૫ મો
|population_estimate_year = ૨૦૦૯
|population_census = ૧૮૯,૯૮૭,૨૯૧
|population_census_year = ૨૦૦૭
|population_density_km2 = ૨૨
|population_density_sq_mi = ૫૭
|population_density_rank = ૧૮૨ મો
|GDP_PPP = $1,981 billions<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=40&pr.y=15 |title=Brazil|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = ૯ મો
|GDP_PPP_year = ૨૦૦૮
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $૧૦,૩૨૫<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ૭૭ મો
|GDP_nominal = $૧,૫૭૨ બિલિયન<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_rank = ૧૦મો
|GDP_nominal_year = ૨૦૦૮
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $૮,૧૯૭<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ૬૩ મો
|Gini = ૪૯.૩<ref>http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2009/08/03/materia.2009-08-03.3509162052/view</ref>
|Gini_year = ૨૦૦૯
|Gini_category =
|HDI = ૦.૮૧૩<ref name=pnud>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnud.org.br/noticias/index.php?id01=3120|title=Ranking do IDH 2006|accessdate=2008-12-18|publisher=PNUD Brasil (UNDP Brazil)|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = ૭૦ મો
|HDI_year = ૨૦૦૯
|HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font>
|currency = રીયલ (R$)
|currency_code = BRL
|time_zone = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]] <ref>Officially [[UTC-3]] (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, timezone change into [[UTC-2]] to [[UTC-4]].| {{note|time2|N2}} Officially [[UTC-2]] (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, DST will change into [[UTC-2]] to [[UTC-3]].</ref>
|utc_offset = [[UTC-2|-2]] to [[UTC-4|-4]]<ref name=fusoshorariossemhv>{{cite web|url=http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm|title=Fusos Brasil sem HV|accessdate=2008-08-10|publisher=Observatório Nacional|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
|time_zone_DST = [[Time in Brazil|BRST]] <ref>Officially [[UTC-2]] (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, DST will change into [[UTC-2]] to [[UTC-3]].</ref>
|utc_offset_DST = [[UTC-2|-2]] to [[UTC-4|-4]]
Line ૮૪ ⟶ ૮:
|calling_code = +55
}}
'''Brazil''' ({{lang-pt|Brasil}}), officially the '''Federative Republic of Brazil''' ({{lang-pt|República Federativa do Brasil}}) {{Audio|Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg|listen}}, is a country in [[South America]].<ref name="CIA Geo">{{cite web | title = Geography of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> It is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|fifth largest]] country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of [[South America]],<ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Brazil.html</ref> the [[List of countries by population|fifth most populous]] country, and the fourth most populous [[democracy]] in the world.<ref name="CIA Geo"/><ref name="CIA People">{{cite web | title = People of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> Bounded by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over {{km to mi|7491|abbrev=yes|precision=0}}.<ref name="CIA Geo"/> It is bordered on the north by [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]] and the [[France|French]] overseas department of [[French Guiana]]; on the northwest by [[Colombia]]; on the west by [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]]; on the southwest by [[Argentina]] and [[Paraguay]] and on the south by [[Uruguay]]. Numerous [[archipelago]]s are part of the Brazilian territory, such as [[Fernando de Noronha]], [[Rocas Atoll]], [[Saint Peter and Paul Rocks]], and [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]].<ref name="CIA Geo"/>th
 
Brazil was a colony of [[Portugal]] from the landing of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] in 1500 until its independence in 1822.<ref name="CIA Intro">{{cite web | title = Introduction of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> Initially independent as the [[Brazilian Empire]], the country has been a [[republic]] since 1889, although the [[bicameral]] legislature, now called [[National Congress of Brazil|Congress]], dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified.<ref name="CIA Intro"/> Its current [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution]] defines Brazil as a [[Federal Republic]].<ref name="Constituição">{{cite web | title = Brazilian Federal Constitution | publisher = Presidency of the Republic | year = 1988 | url = http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm | language = Portuguese | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }} {{cite web | title = Brazilian Federal Constitution | publisher = v-brazil.com | year = 2007 | url = http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html | quote = Unofficial translate | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> The Federation is formed by the union of the [[Federal District of Brazil|Federal District]], the 26 [[States of Brazil|States]], and the 5,564 [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipalities]].<ref name="Constituição"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Territorial units of the municipality level | publisher = Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics | year = 2008 | url = http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/territorio/tabunit.asp?n=6&t=2&z=t&o=4 | language = Portuguese | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref>
 
Brazil is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's tenth largest economy]] at market [[exchange rate]]s and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|ninth largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]].<ref name="CIA Econ">{{cite web | title = Economy of Brazil | booktitle = The World Factbook | publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> Economic reforms have given the country new international projection.<ref>{{cite web | last = Clendenning | first = Alan | title = Booming Brazil could be world power soon | pages = 2 | publisher = [[USA Today]] - The Associated Press | date = 2008-04-17 | url = http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm | accessdate = 2008-12-12 }}</ref> It is a founding member of the [[United Nations]] and the [[Union of South American Nations]]. A predominantly [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[Languages of Brazil|Portuguese]]-speaking, and [[multiethnic society]],<ref name="CIA People"/> Brazil is also home to a diversity of [[Fauna of Brazil|wildlife]], [[natural environment]]s, and extensive [[natural resource]]s in a variety of [[Protected areas of Brazil|protected habitats]].<ref name="CIA Geo"/>
 
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1985}}
* {{cite book |author=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp. 1805–1819) |year=1990}}
* {{cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |publisher= US Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm}}
* {{cite book |author=Bellos, Alex |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |author=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1991}}
* {{cite book |author=Costa, João Cruz |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964}}
* {{cite book |author=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |author=Furtado, Celso |title=The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{cite book |author=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP |year=1977}}
* {{cite book |author=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |author=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |author=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |location=Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967}}
* {{cite book |author=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |author=Skidmore, Thomas E. |title=Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974}}
* {{cite book |author=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |location=New York, New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1963}}
* {{cite book |title=The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil |location=New York, NY |publisher=World Almanac Books |year=2006}}
 
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{wikisource|CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil}}
* [http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/ Brazilian Federal Government]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-b/brazil.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
* [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|br|Brazil}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/brazil.htm Brazil] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Brazil}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/brtoc.html Country Profile] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]] (1997)
* {{wikitravel}}
 
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