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Sushant savla (ચર્ચા | યોગદાન) No edit summary |
Sushant savla (ચર્ચા | યોગદાન) No edit summary |
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લીટી ૧:
'''Sulfur''' or '''sulphur''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|s|ʌ|l|f|ər}} {{respell|SUL|fər}}; [[#Spelling and etymology|''see spelling below'']]) is the [[chemical element]] with atomic number 16, represented by the symbol '''S'''. It is an [[Abundance of the chemical elements|abundant]], [[Valence (chemistry)|multivalent]] [[non-metal]]. At [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|normal conditions]], sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S<sub>8</sub>. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow [[crystal]]line solid. Chemically, sulfur can react as either an [[oxidant]] or [[reducing agent]]. It oxidizes most [[metal]]s and several [[nonmetal]]s, including carbon, which leads to its negatives charge in most [[organosulfur compound]]s, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as [[oxygen]] and [[fluorine]].
In [[nature]], sulfur can be found as the pure element and as [[sulfide]] and [[sulfate]] minerals. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored [[polyhedron]] shapes. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in [[ancient Greece]], [[ancient China|China]] and [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. Sulfur fumes were used as fumigants, and sulfur-containing medicinal mixtures were used as balms and antiparasitics. Sulfur is referenced in the [[Bible]] as '''brimstone''' in [[English language|English]], with this name still used in several nonscientific terms.<ref name=Greenwd/> Sulfur was considered important enough to receive its own [[alchemical symbol]]. It was needed to make the best quality of [[gunpowder|black gunpowder]], and the bright yellow powder was hypothesized by alchemists to contain some of the properties of gold, which they sought to synthesize from it. In 1777, [[Antoine Lavoisier]] helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was a basic element, rather than a compound.
Elemental sulfur was once extracted from [[salt dome]]s where it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form, but this method has been obsolete since the late 20th century. Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from [[natural gas]] and [[petroleum]]. The element's commercial uses are primarily in [[fertilizer]]s, because of the relatively high requirement of plants for it, and in the manufacture of [[sulfuric acid]], a primary industrial chemical. Other well-known uses for the element are in [[match]]es, [[insecticide]]s and [[fungicide]]s. Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds. [[Hydrogen sulfide]] produced by living organisms imparts the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.
Sulfur is an [[essential element]] for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. Sulfur in organic form is present in the vitamins [[biotin]] and [[thiamine]], the latter being named for the Greek word for sulfur. Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like [[glutathione]] and [[thioredoxin]]. Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins, as the [[amino acid]]s [[cysteine]] and [[methionine]]. [[Disulfide]] bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein [[keratin]], found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned.
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