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|party_name = {{PAGENAME}}<br>Indian National Congress
|logo = [[File:INC-flag.svg|200px]]
|colorcode = {{Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ/metaમેટા/colorરંગ}}
|leader =
|chairman = [[સોનિયા ગાંધી]]
લીટી ૨૧:
|ideology = [[Populism]]<br />[[Indian Nationalism]]<br/>(''[[Liberal nationalism]]'')<br />[[Social democracy]]<br>[[Democratic socialism]]<br>[[Gandhian socialism]]<br>[[Progressivism]]<br>'''Internal factions:'''<br>{{•}} [[Social liberalism]]<br />{{•}} [[Secularism]]<br>{{•}} [[Centrism]]<br>{{•}} [[Social conservatism]]
|international = [[Alliance of Democrats]]<ref>[http://www.allianceofdemocrats.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=26 Political Parties, International Organizations and Individuals joining the Alliance of Democrats], [[Alliance of Democrats]]</ref>
|colours = Aquaએક્વા {{Colorsample|Aqua}}
|position = [[Center-left]]<ref>[http://texasliberal.wordpress.com/2009/05/16/strong-victory-for-center-left-congress-party-in-india-worlds-two-largest-democracies-now-firmly-reject-conservatives/ Strong Victory For Center-Left Congress Party In India—World’s Two Largest Democracies Now Firmly Reject Conservatives], Texas Liberal,</ref>
|eci = Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Partyપક્ષ
|alliance = [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA)
|loksabha_seats = {{Infobox political party/seats|206|545|hex=#00FFFF}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Infobox political party/seats|70|245|hex=#00FFFF}}
|symbol = [[File:Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ.svg|INC party symbol|125px]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.aicc.org.in/}}
|country = India
}}
 
The '''Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ''' (abbreviated '''INC''', and commonly known as the '''Congress''') (''Bhāratīya Rāṣṭrīya Kāṅgrēs'') is one of the two major [[political parties in India]], the other being the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). It is the largest and one of the oldest democratically-operating political parties in the world.<ref name="Rastogi">{{cite book | title=The nature and dynamics of factional conflict | publisher=Macmillan Co. of India | author=Rastogi, P.N. | year=1975 | p.=69}}</ref><ref name="ParlDebates">{{cite conference | url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=VzM3AAAAIAAJ | title=Parliamentary Debates | publisher=Council of States Secretariat | accessdate=November 26, 2012 | year=1976 | p.=111 | Vol.=98 | Issue=1–9}}</ref><ref name="CongBibliog">{{cite book | title=Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ: A Select Bibliography | publisher=U.D.H. Publishing House | author=Gavit, Manikrao Hodlya; Chand, Attar | year=1989 | pages=451}}</ref> The party's [[Social liberalism|modern liberal]] platform is largely considered [[centre left|centre-left wing]] in the [[Politics of India|Indian political spectrum]] as contrasted to the [[right-wing]] [[hindu nationalism|socio-religious ultra-nationalist]]-based [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Founded in 1885 by members of the [[occult]]ist movement [[Theosophical Society]]<ref name=bevir/>—[[Allan Octavian Hume]], [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha|Dinshaw Wacha]], [[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]], [[Monomohun Ghose]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]]<ref>[http://www.rrtd.nic.in/biogovind.html Mahadev Govind Ranade<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and [[William Wedderburn]]—the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ became a pivotal participant in the [[Indian Independence Movement]], with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants in its struggle against [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in [[India]]. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] in 1947, it became the nation's [[dominant party system|dominant political party]], led by the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] for the most part; major challenges for party leadership have only recently formed.
 
In the [[Indian general election, 2009|2009 general elections]], the Congress emerged as the single largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]], with 206 of its candidates getting elected to the 543-member house. Consequently it, as a member of a coalition of [[political organisation]]s called the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA), was able to gain a majority and form the government.
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==History==
 
The history of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ falls into two distinct eras:
* The pre-independence era, when the party was at the forefront of the struggle for independence and was instrumental in the whole of India;
* The post-independence era, when the party has enjoyed a prominent place in Indian politics, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.
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===The pre-independence era===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|right|300px|thumb|First session of Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ, Bombay, 28–31 December 1885.]]
{{Main|Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ - Freedom Era}}
 
The Congress was founded by Indian and British members of the [[Theosophical Society]] movement, most notably [[Allan Octavian Hume|A.O. Hume]].<ref name=bevir>[http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all Theosophy and the Origins of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ], Bevir, Mark, University of California, Berkeley, Publication Date: 01-01-2003 s. 14–18. Original Citation: Mark Bevir, “Theosophy and the Origins of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congress”કોંગ્રેસ”, International Journal of Hindu Studies 7 (2003), 99–115. E.g., "Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ.10", "1884 annual convention of the Theosophical Society. At this convention, Rao argued that the Society should start formally to discuss the political situation in India as well as more strictly religious matters. Although Rao did not get his way, he did arrange a meeting of sympathetic theosophists to be held at his home. Those who attended this meeting with Rao included Aiyar, Ananda Charlu, and M. Viraraghavachariar. They formed the Madras Mahajana Sabha," "meeting to coincide with the next annual convention of the Theosophical Society. This meeting would promote their idea of an all-India body." "Hume was probably the single most important individual for the formation of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ." "Mahatmas seemed to be directing Hume to maintain the correct balance between east and west (Ripon Papers). Certainly Hume thought the Mahatmas were superhuman beings with a special interest in the welfare of India. He believed their occult powers meant they possessed an unquestionable knowledge of Indian affairs", "Hume worked alongside some of the people he had met at the annual conventions of the Theosophical Society—Malabari, Rao, and Sen—in order to arrange the founding conference of Congress.", "The founders of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ relied on the contacts and commitments generated within the Society;" "Gandhi, like Malabari, Rao, and Sen, used theosophy to help restore his pride in his native culture to support his vision of ancient India as a vital, rational, and moral society (Gandhi 1948). British occultists, such as Besant, and western-educated Indians, such as Gandhi, turned to theosophy for different reasons, but once they had done so, they shared practices and intellectual commitments that helped sustain the nationalist movement."</ref> It has been suggested that the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of seventeen men after a Theosophical Convention held at [[Madras]] in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and it was in March 1885 that the first notice was issued convening the first Indian Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Union to meet at Poona the following December.<ref name=pattabhi>Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi. 1935. The History of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ. Working Committee of the Congress. [http://www.archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfTheIndianNationalCongress Scanned version]</ref>
 
Founded in 1885 claiming that it had the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for educated Indians, the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ was initially not opposed to British rule. The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a [[Scotland|Scotsman]], Allan Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in [[Bombay]], with the approval of [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], the then-[[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]]. [[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee]] was the first President of the INC. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in [[Pune]], but due to a [[bubonic plague|plague]] outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Bombay. The first session of the INC was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates.
 
Within a few years, the demands of the INC became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the government, and the party decided to advocate in favour of the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], as it would allow for a new political system in which they could be a majorly dominant party. By 1907 the party was split into two halves—the [[Garam dal|''Garam Dal'']] (literally "hot faction") of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], or Extremists, and the ''Naram Dal'' (literally "soft faction") of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], or Moderates—distinguished by their attitude towards the British colonists. Under the influence of Tilak, the Congress became the first organised independence group in the country, bringing together millions of people against the British.
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In the pre-independence era, the INC featured a number of prominent political figures: [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], a member of the sister [[Indian National Association]], elected president of the Congress in 1886, and between 1892 and 1895 the first Indian Member of Parliament in the [[British House of Commons]]; [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]; [[Bipin Chandra Pal]]; [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]; [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]; and [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]], later leader of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and instrumental in the creation of [[Pakistan]]. The Congress was transformed into a mass movement by [[Surendranath Banerjea]] and Sir [[Henry John Stedman Cotton|Henry Cotton]] during the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal in 1905]] and the resultant [[Swadeshi movement]]. [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]] returned from South Africa in 1915 and with the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale became president of the Congress and formed an alliance with the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat movement]]. In protest a number of leaders—[[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Annie Besant]], [[Motilal Nehru]]—resigned from the Congress to set up the [[Swaraj Party]]. The Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split.
[[File:Gandhi 1929.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], President of Congress party during 1924]]
With the rise of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s popularity and his [[Satyagraha]] art of revolution came [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] (the nation's first Prime Minister), [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] (the nation's first President), [[Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajgopalachari]], [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha|Dr. Anugraha Narayan Sinha]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]] and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]. With the already existing nationalistic feeling combined with Gandhi's popularity, the Congress became a forceful and dominant group of people in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. Although predominantly [[Hinduism|Hindu]], it had members from just about every religion, ethnic group, economic class and linguistic group. In 1939, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], the elected president in both 1938 and 1939 was expelled from the Congress for his socialist views and the Congress was reduced to a pro-business group financed by the business houses of Birla and Bajaj. At the time of the [[Quit India]] movement, the Congress was undoubtedly the strongest revolutionary group in India, but the Congress disassociated itself from the Quit India movement within a few days. The Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ could not claim to be the sole representative of the Indian people as other parties were there as well notably the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], [[Azad Hind]] Sarkar, and [[Forward Bloc]].
 
The 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of the INC. 26 January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas", Independence Day, although the British would remain in India for 17 more years. To commemorate this date the [[Constitution of India]] was formally adopted on 26 January 1950, even though it had been passed on 26 November 1949. However, in 1929, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the Congress for demanding full independence, not just [[home rule]] as demanded by Gandhi.
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===The post-independence era===
The party remained in power for thirty continuous years between independence in 1947 and its first taste of electoral defeat (at the nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય level) in 1977૧૯૭૭.
 
====જવાહરલાલ નેહરુ====
====Jawaharlal Nehru====
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Congress [[Prime Minister of India]] (1947–1964).]]
Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel are said to have held the view that the INC was formed only for achieving independence and should have been disbanded in 1947.<ref>Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 225.</ref> However, at the time of independence, the INC (led by Jawaharlal Nehru) was dominant in the Indian political environment and was established as the main political party. The Congress thus, considering the perceived need for a stable leadership and guiding vision after the confusion and problems during and following the [[Partition of India]] and independence, was re-established as an electoral party in independent India. Across several general elections, the party ruled uninterruptedly until 1977, and has remained a major political force.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
 
After the Gandhi's assassination in 1948, and the death of Sardar Patel in 1950, Jawaharlal Nehru was the sole remaining iconic nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય leader, and soon the situation became such that Nehru was key to the political potency and future of the Congress. Nehru embraced [[secularism]], [[socialism|socialistic economic practices]] and a non-aligned foreign policy, which became the hallmark of the modern Congress Party. Nehru's policies targeted the more well-off, claiming to have thus improved the position of religious minorities and lower-caste Hindus. A generation of freedom fighting leaders was soon replaced by a generation of people who had grown up in the shadow of Nehru. Nehru led the Congress to consecutive majorities in the elections of 1952, 1957 and 1962.
 
After Nehru's death in 1964, the party's future first came into question. No other leader had Nehru's popular appeal, so the second-stage leadership mustered around the compromise candidate, the gentle, soft-spoken and Nehruvian [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Shastri remained Prime Minister till his own death in 1966, and a broad Congress party election opted for [[Indira Gandhi]], Nehru's daughter, over the right-wing, conservative [[Morarji Desai]].
લીટી ૮૦:
[[File:Indira Gandhi 1966.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Indira Gandhi]], thrice Prime Minister of India.]]
 
The first serious challenge to Congress hegemony came in 1967 when a new coalition, under the banner of the [[Samyukt Vidhayak Dal]], won control over several states in the [[Hindi belt]]. [[Indira Gandhi]] (not related to Mahatma Gandhi), the daughter of Nehru, and Congress president, was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. The conflict led to a split, and Indira launched a separate INC. Initially this party was known as Congress (R), but it soon came to be generally known as the "New Congress". The official party became the [[Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ (Organisation)]] (INC(O)) led by [[Kamaraj]]. It was informally called the "Old Congress". As Indira Gandhi had control over the nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય state machinery, her faction was seen as the official INC by the [[Election Commission of India]], although her party was a break-away group.
 
The split can in some ways be seen as a left-wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi wanted to use a populist agenda in order to gather popular support for the party. She raised slogans such as ''Garibi Hatao'' (Remove Poverty), and wanted to develop closer ties with the [[Soviet Union]], for strategic purposes.<ref name="AamAadmi">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/ColumnsPankajVohra/The-original-aam-aadmi-leader/Article1-471695.aspx | title=The Original Aam Admi Leader | work=Hindustan Times | date=November 1, 2009 | accessdate=November 23, 2012 | author=Vohra, Pankaj}}</ref> The regional party elites, who formed the INC(O), stood for a more conservative agenda, and distrusted Soviet help. INC(O) later merged into the [[Janata Party]].
 
Gradually, Indira Gandhi grew more [[authoritarian]] and [[autocrat]]ic in her policies and outlook. Following allegations of electoral malpractice in the general elections, a court overturned Gandhi's victory in her parliamentary constituency in thr [[Indian general election, 1971|1971 General Elections]]. Facing growing criticism and widespread demonstrations by opposition in the country, she proclaimed a state of [[Indian Emergency|Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Emergency]] in 1975, imprisoned most of her party's opposition, and unleashed a police state.
 
After she lifted the emergency in 1977, more Congress factions were formed, the one remaining loyal to Indira Gandhi being popularly known as Congress(I) with an 'I' for Indira. Congress(I) was routed in the general elections by the Janata Party, but the resulting coalition government lasted for two years, much shorter than the INC's long [[Totalitarianism|dictatorship]]. The Congress party returned to power in the ensuing 1980 elections. In 1984 Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her [[Sikh]] bodyguards, in revenge for the disastrous [[Operation Blue Star]]. In the following days [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|anti-Sikh riots]] broke out in [[Delhi]] and elsewhere in which more than six thousand Sikhs were killed, purportedly by activists and leaders of the Congress Party.<ref name="Leaders">{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4130962.stm | title=Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots | publisher=BBC News | date=August 8, 2005 | accessdate=November 23, 2012}}</ref>
 
===The post-Indira era===
[[File:Gandhisonia05052007.jpg|thumb|upright|સોનિયા ગાંધી, Chairperson of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] and President of Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ]]
Following the assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984, the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ party leaders nominated [[Rajiv Gandhi]] to be the next Prime Minister. He took office by storm, winning major election victory, and leading the Congress party by winning 411 seats out of 542, in the Indian Parliament. He helped improve the economic, foreign and security policies of the country, during his tenure.
 
Afterward, former treasurer [[Sitaram Kesri]] took over the reins of the party and oversaw the Congress support to the [[United Front (India)|United Front]] governments that ran from 1996 to 1998. During his tenure, several key leaders broke away from the party, and serious infighting broke out among those left. In 1998, [[સોનિયા ગાંધી]] finally accepted the post of Congress President, in a move that may have saved the party from extinction.
લીટી ૧૦૧:
[[File:Congressrallydelhi (91).JPG|thumb|right|280px|A Congress rally in New Delhi.]]
In the [[Indian general elections, 2004|2004 general elections]], the [[United Progressive Alliance|Congress alliance]] won the largest number of seats and got an assurance of support from the Left Front upsetting the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], which was variously forecast to win outright victory or at least emerge as the largest alliance. Shortly thereafter, સોનિયા ગાંધી was nominated by the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] to be the next Prime Minister. But સોનિયા ગાંધી refused to take the position based on her "inner voice". She backed eminent economist, former Union Finance Minister and senior Congress leader Dr. [[મનમોહન સિંહ]] for the post of Prime Minister, and he was sworn-in as Prime Minister on 22 May 2004.
Despite strong opposition from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), AIADMK, SP, RJD, LJP, TDP, [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ won the elections again in 2009, the people gave their mandate to the Congress party and it was the only party to achieve 206 seats in 20 years. The youth supported the Congress under the leadership of [[Rahul Gandhi]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} The Congress's popularity increased by 61% during the elections.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
 
==Ideology and policies==
લીટી ૧૨૪:
The [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) is formed of delegates sent from the PCCs around the country. The delegates elect various Congress committees, including the [[Congress Working Committee]], which consists of senior party leaders and office bearers, and takes all important executive and political decisions.
 
The [[Congress President|President of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ]] is in effect the party's national leader, head of the organization, head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees, chief spokesman and the Congress choice to become the [[Prime Minister of India]].
 
Constitutionally, the president is to be elected by the vote of the PCCs and members of the AICC. However, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, choosing to elect its own candidate as a result of conditional circumstances.
લીટી ૬૬૪:
After the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] by two of her Sikh Body Guards following [[Operation Blue Star]], many Congress workers including [[Jagdish Tytler]], Sajjan Kumar and Kamal Nath were accused of inciting and participating in Sikh riots.
 
There are allegations that the government destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. The ''[[Asian Age]]'' front-page story called the government actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups"<ref name=coverup-1>{{cite news | last = Mustafa |first = Seema | title = 1984 Sikhs Massacres: Mother of All Cover-ups | work = Front page story | page = 1| publisher = The Asian Age | date = 2005-08-09| url =| accessdate = 2008-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Agal |first = Renu | title = Justice delayed, justice denied | work =| pages =| publisher = BBC News | date = 2005-08-11| url =| accessdate = 2008-12-30}}</ref> There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ activists and sympathizers during the riots.<ref name=Leaders/> The government, then led by the Congress, was widely criticized for doing very little at the time, possibly acting as a conspirator. The [[conspiracy theory]] is supported by the fact that voting lists were used to identify Sikh families.
 
===Bofors scandal===
લીટી ૭૨૦:
 
==Further reading==
* ''The Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ: An Historical Sketch'', by Frederick Marion De Mello. Published by H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1934.
* ''The Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ'', by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. K. Das Gupta, 1946.
* ''Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ: A Descriptive Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom'', by Jagdish Saran Sharma. Published by S. Chand, 1959.
* ''Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ Movement'', by Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Chand, 1967.
* ''Split in a Predominant Party: The Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ in 1969'', by Mahendra Prasad Singh. Abhinav Publications, 1981. ISBN 81-7017-140-7.
* ''Concise History of the Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ, 1885–1947'', by B. N. Pande, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985. ISBN 0-7069-3020-7.
* ''The Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ: An Analytical Biography'', by Om P. Gautam. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.
* ''A Century of Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ, 1885–1985'', by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan, 1986.
* ''The Congress Ideology and Programme, 1920–1985'', by Pitambar Datt Kaushik . Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986. ISBN 81-85060-16-9.
* ''Struggling and Ruling: The Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ, 1885–1985'', by Jim Masselos. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987.
* ''The Encyclopedia of Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ'', by A. Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research. Published by S.Chand, 1987.
* ''Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ: A Reconstruction'', by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Published by Riverdale Company, 1988. ISBN 0-913215-32-5.
* ''INC, the Glorious Tradition'', by A. Moin Zaidi, Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ. AICC. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1989.
* ''Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ: A Select Bibliography'', by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand. Published by U.D.H. Pub. House, 1989. ISBN 81-85044-05-8.
* ''The Story of Congress PilgrFile: 1885–1985'', by A. Moin Zaidi, Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1990. ISBN 81-85355-46-0. (7 vols)
* ''Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ in England'', by Harish P. Kaushik. Published by Friends Publications, 1991.
* ''Women in Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ, 1921–1931'', by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat Publications, 1999.
* ''History of Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ, 1885–2002'', by Deep Chand Bandhu. Published by Kalpaz Publications, 2003. ISBN 81-7835-090-4.
 
==External links==
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{{commons|Indian National Congress}}
* [http://www.aicc.org.in/ Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ]&nbsp;— Official website
* [http://www.congress4india.com/ Indianભારતીય Nationalરાષ્ટ્રીય Congressકોંગ્રેસ Discussion Group]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/congress/ Congress Archives]
* [http://www.congressmedia.net/home Congress Media]
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* [http://www.iyc.in/sns/ Indian Youth Congress]
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