ગણિત: આવૃત્તિઓ વચ્ચેનો તફાવત

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→‎વિજ્ઞાન ની રાણી?: વચગાળાનુ કામ
→‎ગણિત વિજ્ઞાન ની રાણી: વચગાળાનો વિરામ
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[[File:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|right|thumb|[[કાર્લ ફેડરીક ગાઉસ]], જેને "ગણિતનો રાજકુમાર" કહેવાય છે, તે ગણિતને "વિજ્ઞાનની રાણી" ગણતા. ]]
 
[[કાર્લ ફેડરીક ગાઉસ]] ગણિતને વિજ્ઞાનની રાણી કહેતા.<ref>Waltershausen</ref> Inવિજ્ઞાન theમાટેનો originalઅંગ્રેજી Latinશબ્દ Science લેટિન ભાષાના ''Regina Scientiarum[[wikt:scientia]]'', asઅથવા wellફ્રેન્ચ as inભાષાના ''[[German language|Germanwikt:science]] ''Königin,શબ્દ derઉપરથી Wissenschaften'',આવ્યો theછે. wordમૂળ correspondingબંને toભાષામાં તેનો અર્થ ''scienceજ્ઞાન'' meansથાય (fieldછે. of) knowledge.આમ મૂળભુત ભાષાના Indeedસંદર્ભમાં, thisઅંગ્રેજીના isસંદર્ભમા alsoતો theગણિતને originalવિજ્ઞાન meaningતરીકે inજોવાય English,છે andપણ thereહિન્દુ isસંસ્કૃતિમાં<ref> noહિન્દુ doubtસંસ્કૃતિ thatશબ્દને mathematicsકોઇ isધર્મ inસાથે this senseસાંકળતા aવિજ્ઞાનના scienceપાશ્ચાત્ય ઇતિહાસકારો ભારતની ભૂમિ પર વિકસેલી સંસ્કૃતિ માટે આ શબ્દ વાપરે છે. </ref> પણ ગણિત એક વિજ્ઞાન ગણાય છે. The specialization restricting the meaning to ''natural'' science is of later date. If one considers [[science]] to be strictly about the physical world, then mathematics, or at least [[pure mathematics]], is not a science. [[Albert Einstein]] has stated that ''"as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.''"<ref name=certain>Einstein, p. 28. The quote is Einstein's answer to the question: "how can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality?" He, too, is concerned with ''[[The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences]]''.</ref>
 
Many philosophers believe that mathematics is not experimentally [[falsifiability|falsifiable]], and thus not a science according to the definition of [[Karl Popper]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists | author = Shasha, Dennis Elliot; Lazere, Cathy A. | publisher = Springer | year = 1998 | page = 228}}</ref> However, in the 1930s important work in mathematical logic showed that mathematics cannot be reduced to logic, and Karl Popper concluded that "most mathematical theories are, like those of [[physics]] and [[biology]], [[hypothesis|hypothetico]]-[[deductive]]: pure mathematics therefore turns out to be much closer to the natural sciences whose hypotheses are conjectures, than it seemed even recently."<ref>Popper 1995, p. 56</ref> Other thinkers, notably [[Imre Lakatos]], have applied a version of [[falsificationism]] to mathematics itself.
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