ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ: આવૃત્તિઓ વચ્ચેનો તફાવત

==History==

 

 

 

===The pre-independence era===

[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|right|300px|thumb|First session of ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ, Bombay, 28–31 December 1885.]]

 

The Congress was founded by Indian and British members of the [[Theosophical Society]] movement, most notably [[Allan Octavian Hume|A.O. Hume]].<ref name=bevir>[http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all Theosophy and the Origins of the ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ], Bevir, Mark, University of California, Berkeley, Publication Date: 01-01-2003 s. 14–18. Original Citation: Mark Bevir, “Theosophy and the Origins of the ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ”, International Journal of Hindu Studies 7 (2003), 99–115. E.g., "Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ.10", "1884 annual convention of the Theosophical Society. At this convention, Rao argued that the Society should start formally to discuss the political situation in India as well as more strictly religious matters. Although Rao did not get his way, he did arrange a meeting of sympathetic theosophists to be held at his home. Those who attended this meeting with Rao included Aiyar, Ananda Charlu, and M. Viraraghavachariar. They formed the Madras Mahajana Sabha," "meeting to coincide with the next annual convention of the Theosophical Society. This meeting would promote their idea of an all-India body." "Hume was probably the single most important individual for the formation of the ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ." "Mahatmas seemed to be directing Hume to maintain the correct balance between east and west (Ripon Papers). Certainly Hume thought the Mahatmas were superhuman beings with a special interest in the welfare of India. He believed their occult powers meant they possessed an unquestionable knowledge of Indian affairs", "Hume worked alongside some of the people he had met at the annual conventions of the Theosophical Society—Malabari, Rao, and Sen—in order to arrange the founding conference of Congress.", "The founders of the ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ relied on the contacts and commitments generated within the Society;" "Gandhi, like Malabari, Rao, and Sen, used theosophy to help restore his pride in his native culture to support his vision of ancient India as a vital, rational, and moral society (Gandhi 1948). British occultists, such as Besant, and western-educated Indians, such as Gandhi, turned to theosophy for different reasons, but once they had done so, they shared practices and intellectual commitments that helped sustain the nationalist movement."</ref> It has been suggested that the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of seventeen men after a Theosophical Convention held at [[Madras]] in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and it was in March 1885 that the first notice was issued convening the first Indian રાષ્ટ્રીય Union to meet at Poona the following December.<ref name=pattabhi>Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi. 1935. The History of the ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ. Working Committee of the Congress. [http://www.archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfTheIndianNationalCongress Scanned version]</ref>