ગુરુના ચંદ્રો

ગુરુના કુલ ૭૯ ઉપગ્રહો અત્યારે જાણીતા છે,^[૧] જેને 'ગુરુના ઉપગ્રહો'ની સાથે 'ગુરુના ચંદ્રો' તરીકે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે, કેમકે પૃથ્વીના ઉપગ્રહને આપણે ચંદ્ર કહીએ છીએ.

આ ઉપગ્રહોમાંથી ૪ ઉપગ્રહો અત્યંત વિશાળકાય છે, જેઓ 'ગેલેલિયન ચંદ્રો' તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. ઇસવીસન ૧૬૧૦માં, આ ઉપગ્રહોની શોધ ગેલેલિયો ગેલેલી અને સાયમન મૅરિયસે સ્વતંત્ર રીતે કરી હતી કારણ કે આ એવા અવકાશીય પદાર્થો હતા કે જેમની પરિભ્રમણની કક્ષા ન તો સૂર્યની ફરતે હતી કે ન તો પૃથ્વીની ફરતે.^[૨] ઘણા સમય બાદ, લગભગ ૧૮૯૨ની શરૂઆતમાં, એક ડઝન જેવા 'જોવિઅન ચંદ્રો'ની શોધ થઈ જેમનું નામકરણ રોમન દેવતા જ્યુપિટર કે તેના ગ્રીક સમાનાંતર દેવ ઝીયસની પ્રેમિકાઓ કે પુત્રીઓ પરથી પાડવામાં આવ્યાં.

ચંદ્રો અને વિગતો

The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to Earth's Moon. The four inner moons are much smaller. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde.

ક્રમ ^{[note ૧]}	લેબલ (વર્ગ) ^{[note ૨]}	નામ	ઉચ્ચાર (key)	વ્યાસ (km)^{[note ૩]}	દળ (×10¹⁶ kg)	અર્ધ મુખ્ય ધરી (કિ.મી.)^[૩]	ભ્રમણ સમય (દિવસ)^[૩]^{[note ૪]}	ત્રાંસ (°)^[૩]	ઉત્કેન્દ્રતા ^[૪]	શોધ વર્ષ^[૫]	શોધક^[૫]	સમુદાય ^{[note ૫]}
૧	16 XVI	મીટિસ	ˈmiːtɨs	0059 60 × 40 × 34	1636 ≈ 3.6	00127 127690	0074 +7h 4m 29s	00006 0.06°^[૬]	0.00002	1979	Synnott (Voyager 1)	Inner
૨	15 XV	ઍડ્રાસ્ટીયા	ædrəˈstiːə	0020 20 × 16 × 14	152 ≈ 0.2	00128 128690	0079 +7h 9m 30s	00003 0.03°^[૬]	0.0015	1979	Jewitt (Voyager 2)	Inner
૩	05 V	ઍમાલ્થીયા	æməlˈθiːə	0171 250 × 146 × 128 (167±4.0)	18208 208	0018 181366	008 +11h 57m 23s	000374 0.374°^[૬]	0.0032	1892	Barnard	Inner
૪	14 XIV	થીબી	ˈθiːbiː	0116 116 × 98 × 84	1743 ≈ 43	002 221889	009 +16h 11m 17s	001076 1.076°^[૬]	0.0175	1979	Synnott (Voyager 1)	Inner
૫	01 I	આઈઓ	ˈaɪ.oʊ	3660 3660.0 × 3637.4 × 3630.6	2289 8931900	004 421700	01 +1.7691	00005 0.050°^[૬]	0.0041	1610	Galilei	Galilean
૬	02 II	યુરોપા	jʊˈroʊpə	3121 3121.6	2248 4800000	006 671034	03 +3.5512	00047 0.471°^[૬]	0.0094	1610	Galilei	Galilean
૭	03 III	ગૅનીમીડ	ˈɡænɨmiːd	5362 5262.4	2315 14819000	010 1070412	07 +7.1546	000204 0.204°^[૬]	0.0011	1610	Galilei	Galilean
૮	04 IV	કેલિસ્ટો	kəˈlɪstoʊ	4820 4820.6	2311 10759000	018 1882709	08 +16.689	000205 0.205°^[૬]	0.0074	1610	Galilei	Galilean
૯	18 XVIII	થેમિસ્ટો	θɨˈmɪstoʊ	0008 8	1469 0.069	07 7393216	+129.87	045 45.762°	0.2115	1975/2000	Kowal & Roemer/ Sheppard et al.	Themisto
૧૦	13 XIII	લીડા	ˈliːdə	0016 16	1611 0.6	11187781	+240.82	027562 27.562°	0.1673	1974	Kowal	Himalia
૧૧	06 VI	હિમાલિયા	haɪˈmeɪliə	0170 170	1867 670	11451971	+250.23	030 30.486°	0.1513	1904	Perrine	Himalia
૧૨	10 X	Lysithea	laɪˈsɪθiːə	0036 36	1663 6.3	11740560	+259.89	027006 27.006°	0.1322	1938	Nicholson	Himalia
૧૩	07 VII	Elara	ˈɛlərə	0086 86	1787 87	11778034	+257.62	029 29.691°	0.1948	1905	Perrine	Himalia
૧૪	99 —	S/2000 J 11		0004 4	139 0.0090	12570424	+287.93	027584 27.584°	0.2058	2001	Sheppard et al.	Himalia?
૧૫	46 XLVI	Carpo	ˈkɑrpoʊ	0003 3	1345 0.0045	17144873	+458.62	056 56.001°	0.2735	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carpo
૧૬	99 —	S/2003 J 12		0001 1	1215 0.00015	17739539	−482.69	142.680°	0.4449	2003	Sheppard et al.	?
૧૭	34 XXXIV	Euporie	juːˈpɒrɨ.iː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	19088434	−538.78	144.694°	0.0960	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૧૮	99 —	S/2003 J 3		0002 2	1315 0.0015	19621780	−561.52	146.363°	0.2507	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૧૯	99 —	S/2003 J 18		0002 2	1315 0.0015	19812577	−569.73	147.401°	0.1569	2003	Gladman et al.	Ananke
૨૦	99 —	S/2011 J 1		0001 1	–	20155290	−582.22	162.8°	0.2963	2011	Sheppard et al.	?
૨૧	99 —	S/2010 J 2		0001 1		20307150	−588.36	150.4°	0.307	2010	Veillet	Ananke?
૨૨	42 XLII	Thelxinoe	θɛlkˈsɪnɵʊiː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	20453753	−597.61	151.292°	0.2684	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૨૩	33 XXXIII	Euanthe	juːˈænθiː	0003 3	1345 0.0045	20464854	−598.09	143.409°	0.2000	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૨૪	45 XLV	Helike	ˈhɛlɨkiː	0004 4	139 0.0090	20540266	−601.40	154.586°	0.1374	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૨૫	35 XXXV	Orthosie	ɔrˈθɒsɨ.iː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	20567971	−602.62	142.366°	0.2433	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૨૬	24 XXIV	Iocaste	aɪ.ɵˈkæstiː	0005 5	1419 0.019	20722566	−609.43	147.248°	0.2874	2001	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૨૭	99 —	S/2003 J 16		0002 2	1315 0.0015	20743779	−610.36	150.769°	0.3184	2003	Gladman et al.	Ananke
૨૮	27 XXVII	Praxidike	prækˈsɪdɨkiː	0007 7	1443 0.043	20823948	−613.90	144.205°	0.1840	2001	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૨૯	22 XXII	Harpalyke	hɑrˈpælɨkiː	0004 4	1412 0.012	21063814	−624.54	147.223°	0.2440	2001	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૩૦	40 XL	Mneme	ˈniːmiː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	21129786	−627.48	149.732°	0.3169	2003	Gladman et al.	Ananke
૩૧	30 XXX	Hermippe	hərˈmɪpiː	0004 4	139 0.0090	21182086	−629.81	151.242°	0.2290	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke?
૩૨	29 XXIX	Thyone	θaɪˈoʊniː	0004 4	139 0.0090	21405570	−639.80	147.276°	0.2525	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
૩૩	12 XII	Ananke	əˈnæŋkiː	0028 28	163 3.0	21454952	−640.38	151.564°	0.3445	1951	Nicholson	Ananke
૩૪	50 L	Herse	ˈhɜrsiː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	22134306	−672.75	162.490°	0.2379	2003	Gladman et al.	Carme
૩૫	31 XXXI	Aitne	ˈaɪtniː	0003 3	1345 0.0045	22285161	−679.64	165.562°	0.3927	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
36	37 XXXVII	Kale	ˈkeɪliː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	22409207	−685.32	165.378°	0.2011	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
37	20 XX	Taygete	teɪˈɪdʒɨtiː	0005 5	1416 0.016	22438648	−686.67	164.890°	0.3678	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
38	99 —	S/2003 J 19		0002 2	1315 0.0015	22709061	−699.12	164.727°	0.1961	2003	Gladman et al.	Carme
39	21 XXI	Chaldene	kælˈdiːniː	0004 4	1375 0.0075	22713444	−699.33	167.070°	0.2916	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
40	99 —	S/2003 J 15		0002 2	1315 0.0015	22720999	−699.68	141.812°	0.0932	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke?
41	99 —	S/2003 J 10		0002 2	1315 0.0015	22730813	−700.13	163.813°	0.3438	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme?
42	99 —	S/2003 J 23		0002 2	1315 0.0015	22739654	−700.54	148.849°	0.3930	2004	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
43	25 XXV	Erinome	ɨˈrɪnɵmiː	0003 3	1345 0.0045	22986266	−711.96	163.737°	0.2552	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
44	41 XLI	Aoede	eɪˈiːdiː	0004 4	139 0.0090	23044175	−714.66	160.482°	0.6011	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
45	44 XLIV	Kallichore	kəˈlɪkɵriː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	23111823	−717.81	164.605°	0.2041	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme?
46	23 XXIII	Kalyke	ˈkælɨkiː	0005 5	1419 0.019	23180773	−721.02	165.505°	0.2139	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
47	11 XI	Carme	ˈkɑrmiː	0046 46	1713 13	23197992	−763.95	165.047°	0.2342	1938	Nicholson	Carme
48	17 XVII	Callirrhoe	kəˈlɪrɵʊiː	0009 9	1487 0.087	23214986	−727.11	139.849°	0.2582	2000	Spahr, Scotti	Pasiphaë
49	32 XXXII	Eurydome	jʊˈrɪdəmiː	0003 3	1345 0.0045	23230858	−723.36	149.324°	0.3769	2002	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë?
50	99 —	S/2011 J 2		0001 1	–	23329710	−725.06	151.8°	0.3867	2011	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë?
51	38 XXXVIII	Pasithee	pəˈsɪθɨ.iː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	23307318	−726.93	165.759°	0.3288	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
52	99 —	S/2010 J 1		0002 2		23314335	−722.83	163.2°	0.320	2010	Jacobson et al.	Pasiphaë?
53	49 XLIX	Kore	ˈkɔəriː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	23345093	−776.02	137.371°	0.1951	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
54	48 XLVIII	Cyllene	sɨˈliːniː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	23396269	−731.10	140.148°	0.4115	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
55	47 XLVII	Eukelade	juːˈkɛlədiː	0004 4	139 0.0090	23483694	−735.20	163.996°	0.2828	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme
56	99 —	S/2003 J 4		0002 2	1315 0.0015	23570790	−739.29	147.175°	0.3003	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
57	08 VIII	Pasiphaë	pəˈsɪfeɪ.iː	0060 60	173 30	23609042	−739.80	141.803°	0.3743	1908	Melotte	Pasiphaë
58	39 XXXIX	Hegemone	hɨˈdʒɛməniː	0003 3	1345 0.0045	23702511	−745.50	152.506°	0.4077	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
59	43 XLIII	Arche	ˈɑrkiː	0003 3	1345 0.0045	23717051	−746.19	164.587°	0.1492	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
60	26 XXVI	Isonoe	aɪˈsɒnɵʊiː	0004 4	1375 0.0075	23800647	−750.13	165.127°	0.1775	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
61	99 —	S/2003 J 9		0001 1	1215 0.00015	23857808	−752.84	164.980°	0.2761	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme
62	99 —	S/2003 J 5		0004 4	139 0.0090	23973926	−758.34	165.549°	0.3070	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme
63	09 IX	Sinope	sɨˈnoʊpiː	0038 38	1675 7.5	24057865	−739.33	153.778°	0.2750	1914	Nicholson	Pasiphaë
64	36 XXXVI	Sponde	ˈspɒndiː	0002 2	1315 0.0015	24252627	−771.60	154.372°	0.4431	2002	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
65	28 XXVIII	Autonoe	ɔːˈtɒnɵʊiː	0004 4	139 0.0090	24264445	−772.17	151.058°	0.3690	2002	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
66	19 XIX	Megaclite	mɛɡəˈklaɪtiː	0005 5	1421 0.021	24687239	−792.44	150.398°	0.3077	2001	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphaë
67	99 —	S/2003 J 2		0002 2	1315 0.0015	30290846	9 −1077.02	153.521°	0.1882	2003	Sheppard et al.	?

નોંધ

↑ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter.
↑ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming.
↑ Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough.
↑ Periods with negative values are retrograde.
↑ "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.

સંદર્ભો

↑ Science, Carnegie (2018-07-16). "A dozen new moons of Jupiter discovered, including one "oddball"". Carnegie Institution for Science (અંગ્રેજીમાં). મેળવેલ 2021-02-27.
↑ Drake, Stillman (1978). Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-16226-5.
↑ ^૩.૦ ^૩.૧ ^૩.૨ "Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service". IAU: Minor Planet Center. મેળવેલ 2011-01-08. Note: some semi-major axis were computed using the µ value, while the eccentricities were taken using the inclination to the local Laplace plane
↑ Sheppard, Scott S. "Jupiter's Known Satellites". Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science. મેળવેલ 2008-08-28.
↑ ^૫.૦ ^૫.૧ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). U.S. Geological Survey. 2008-11-07. મેળવેલ 2008-08-02.
↑ ^૬.૦ ^૬.૧ ^૬.૨ ^૬.૩ ^૬.૪ ^૬.૫ ^૬.૬ ^૬.૭ Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; de Bergh, C.; Lieske, J.H.; Obrest, J.; Simon, J.L.; Standish, E.M.; Stooke, P. ; Thomas, P.C. (2000). The Planets and Satellites 2000 (Report). IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites. Archived from the original on 2020-05-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20200512151452/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-31.

આ વિજ્ઞાન લેખ સ્ટબ છે. તમે તેને વિસ્તૃત કરીને વિકિપીડિયાને મદદ કરી શકો છો.

[3] Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter.

[4] Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming.

[5] Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough.

[7] Periods with negative values are retrograde.

[10] "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.

[1] Science, Carnegie (2018-07-16). "A dozen new moons of Jupiter discovered, including one "oddball"". Carnegie Institution for Science (અંગ્રેજીમાં). મેળવેલ 2021-02-27.

[2] Drake, Stillman (1978). Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-16226-5.

[inner-6] ૩.૦ ^૩.૧ ^૩.૨ "Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service". IAU: Minor Planet Center. મેળવેલ 2011-01-08. Note: some semi-major axis were computed using the µ value, while the eccentricities were taken using the inclination to the local Laplace plane

[shep-8] Sheppard, Scott S. "Jupiter's Known Satellites". Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science. મેળવેલ 2008-08-28.

[discovered-9] ૫.૦ ^૫.૧ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). U.S. Geological Survey. 2008-11-07. મેળવેલ 2008-08-02.

[inclination-11] ૬.૦ ^૬.૧ ^૬.૨ ^૬.૩ ^૬.૪ ^૬.૫ ^૬.૬ ^૬.૭ Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; de Bergh, C.; Lieske, J.H.; Obrest, J.; Simon, J.L.; Standish, E.M.; Stooke, P. ; Thomas, P.C. (2000). The Planets and Satellites 2000 (Report). IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites. Archived from the original on 2020-05-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20200512151452/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-31.

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